And
Operation Deepfreeze
Dedication
I dedicate this book to my Godfather,
CWO Oliver T. Henry, USCG (Ret.).
Chief Warrant Officer
Oliver T. Henry, USCG, "who through his relentless pursuit to serve the
Coast Guard as a skilled petty officer on board the CGC Northland during World War
Two, successfully moved from the wardroom as a steward to the engine-room as a motor-machinist's
mate." [Quoted from "A Call to Serve", a pamphlet
published for the U.S. Coast Guard's Anniversary Worship Service on 8 August
1999]. CWO Henry was one of the first African-Americans in the Coast
Guard to successfully transfer to a line rating from that of stewardsmate and
did so well before the full integration of the Armed Forces.
CWO2 Oliver T. Henry was LCDR. London Steverson's Godfather.
INTRODUCTION.
Outer space and Antarctica are the
last frontiers. The original Star Trek series made space junkies and Trekies
out of the Baby Boom generation. I worship and adore Captain James T. Kirk,
Doctor Spock and Lieutenants Sulu and Uhuru of the Star Ship Enterprise. I
think of them in the same breath as Robert F. Scott, Ernest Shackleton, Roald Amundsen,
and Admiral Richard Byrd. But, it was the later that I followed to the Last Frontier
at the bottom of the globe, Antarctica. This is the story of my life at the
South Pole during Operations Deep Freeze 1968-69 and 1969-70.
The U. S. Navy’s Operation Deep Freeze was established to provide
logistical support for the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in the peaceful
pursuit of unlocking the secrets of the Last Frontier on earth. Scientists from
the United States and 11 other nations gathered in Antarctica on July 1, 1957 and began the systematic scientific study of
the ice, water and the atmosphere of Antarctica.
National Geographic Magazine in the February 1907 issue said that there
is a land south of the Straits of Magellan twice the size of the United States
that is called the most mysterious land in the world. I can say of this land
just as the Queen of Sheba said of King Solomon, the half has never been told.
After having spent about two years of my life in pursuit of her secrets, and
having traveled the length and breadth of Alaska, I can say that Antarctica is
the coldest, windiest, driest, emptiest, and the most remote place on the earth
that I have ever visited. It has no native human population, and no flora or
fauna except for a few mosses and four species of seals and penguins.
(Belanger, Dian Olson: DEEP
FREEZE, The United States, the International Geophysical Year, and the Origins
of Antarctica’s Age of Science. University Press of Colorado, Boulder,
Colorado, 2006)
Preface
Trying to write a book about my life
is like trying to describe the landscape by looking out the window of a moving
train. The events continue to unfold faster than one can describe them. My life
is a work in progress. For this reason I have decided to look at my life in
phases that have a clearly defined beginning and an end. In this book I intend
to describe the most adventurous and satisfying part of my life immediately
after graduating from the United States Coast Guard Academy (USCGA) in June
1968.
There were xxx people in my
graduating class. I was #xxx out of xxx. The number one man in my class was the
top graduate. His name was Tom Jenkins, and we ended up serving on the same
ship as our first duty station. That is the USCGC Glacier (WAGB-4). That is
quite amazing considering there were xxx between me and the top man.
The top graduate was given the first
choice from the List Of Available Billets that had to be filled from my class.
The number two man was given the second pick from the assignments left on the
List. This continued consecutively until all the billets were filled. Needless
to say, some of the people further down the precedence list did not have much
of a choice. They were forced to choose among what was left.
I was really fortunate because not
many people in my class relished the thought of 7 or 8 month patrols to the
South Pole. And there was always the threat of have to spend the entire winter
on a ship frozen in the multi-year pack ice. Also, some of my considerate
friends who were helping to manage the selections let it be known that I wanted
to be assigned in Long Beach, California where a large portion of my family
lived. The Glacier was tied up in Long Beach, California. So, it is possible
that some officers who would have chosen the Glacier did not out of deference
to me.
I do not think there were many in
that category for several reasons. Many of my classmates were getting married
within days of graduation. Their brides to be did not want them to go aboard
ship that would be away from home for 6 month to a year. They wanted ships that
were in large metropolitan areas that would go out for a day or two at the most
and return to home port.
Not all of my classmates were
married. Many of the single members, most wanted to be assigned to units that
would deploy to Viet Nam. They were the ones we considered the most gung-ho.
They thought that operational assignments to Viet Nam would improve their
chances for fast promotions and give them more leverage in future assignments.
Many of these were the off-springs of military members. They knew more about
service life and what was required to have a successful career. All academy
graduates were convinced that we would serve in the military for 20 years or
more. Most of us thought we would be promoted to Flag Rank of at least Rear
Admiral.
My first duty assignment after
graduating from the United States Coast Guard Academy was in Antarctic research
logistical support. In July 1968 I reported aboard the Coast Guard Cutter (USCGC)
Glacier (WAGB-4), an icebreaker operating under the control of the Commander
Naval Support Forces, Antarctica, U.S. Navy, and served as a deck watch officer
and the head of the Marine Science Department. I traveled to Antarctica during
two patrols from July 1968 to August 1969, supporting the research operations
of the National Science Foundation's Antarctic Research Project in and around
McMurdo Station. During the 1969 patrol the CGC Glacier responded to an international
distress call from the Argentine icebreaker General San Martin, which we freed
from being icebound in multi-year pack ice.
The trip from Long Beach, California required the ship to cross the
International Date Line, the Equator and the 50 Degrees south Latitude. Each Line
Crossing is steeped in nautical history. Any sailor crossing
these Lines is required to undergo an initiation ritual.
The ceremony of Crossing the Line is an initiation rite
in the Coast Guard which commemorates a sailor's first
crossing of the equator. Originally the tradition was created
as a test for seasoned sailors to ensure their new shipmates were capable of
handling long rough times at sea. Sailors who have already crossed the equator
are nicknamed (Trusty) Shellbacks, often referred to
as Sons of Neptune; those who have not are nicknamed (Slimy) Pollywogs.
The two-day event is a ritual of reversal in which the older and experienced
enlisted crew essentially takes over the ship from the officers. Physical
assaults in keeping with the 'spirit' of the initiation are tolerated, and even
the inexperienced crew is given the opportunity to 'take over'. The transition
flows from established order to the controlled 'chaos' of the Pollywog Revolt,
the beginnings of re-order in the initiation rite as the fewer but experienced
enlisted crew converts the 'Wogs' through physical tests, then back to, and
thereby affirming, the pre-established order of officers and enlisted. Like the
old physically- and emotionally-intensive boot camp, the "Crossing the
Equator" ritual deconstructs then reconstructs the initiates' experience
from newbie outsider into the experienced military fraternity.
The eve of the equatorial crossing is called Pollywogs' Revolt and, is a mild
type of reversal of the day to come. 'Wogs' - all of the uninitiated - are
allowed to capture and 'interrogate' any shellbacks they can find.
After crossing the Equator, Pollywogs receive subpoenas to appear before King
Neptune and his court (usually including his first assistant Davy Jones and her
Highness Amphitrite and often various dignitaries, who are all represented by
the highest ranking seamen), who officiate at the ceremony, which is often
preceded by a Beauty Contest of men dressing up as women, each department of the
ship being required to introduce one contestant in swimsuit drag. Afterwards,
some wogs may be "interrogated" by King Nepture and his entourage,
and the use of 'truth serum' (hot sauce + after shave + ?) and whole uncooked
eggs put in the mouth. During the ceremony, the Pollywogs undergo a number of
increasingly disgusting ordeals (wearing clothing inside out and backwards;
crawling on hands and knees on nonskid-coated decks; being swatted with short
lengths of firehose; being locked in stocks and pillories and pelted with mushy
fruit; being locked in a water coffin of salt-water and bright green sea dye
(fluorescent sodium salt); crawling through chutes or large tubs of rotting
garbage; kissing the Royal Baby's belly coated with axle grease, hair chopping,
etc), largely for the entertainment of the Shellbacks.
Once the ceremony is complete, a Pollywog receives a certificate declaring his
new status. Another common status is the Golden shellback, a person who has
crossed the equator at the 180th meridian (international date line). When a
ship must cross these lines, the ship's captain will usually intentionally plot
a course across the Golden X so that the ship's crew can be initiated into the
Golden Shellbacks.
In the 19th century and earlier, the this Equator-crossing ceremony was quite a
brutal event, often involving beating "pollywogs" with boards and wet
ropes and sometimes throwing the victims over the side of the ship, dragging
the pollywog in the surf from the stern. In more than one instance, sailors were
reported to have been killed while participating in a crossing the line
ceremony.
As late as World War II, the line crossing ceremony was still rather rough and
involved activities such as the "Devil's Tongue" which would be an
electrified piece of metal poked into the sides of those deemed pollywogs.
Beatings were often still common, usually with wet firehoses, and several World
War II Navy deck logs speak of sailors visiting sickbay after crossing the
line.
Operation DeepFreeze,
Life On An Icebreaker, Duty at The South Pole Antarctica.
Single Up All Lines.
Starboard engine back one-third.
USCGC Glacier leaves Long Beach, California for DeepFreeze 1968-1969.
Lt. Bill Thompson, Operations Officer.
Ensign London Steverson, Marine Sciences Department Head and Deck Watch
Officer.
Entering Panama Canal locks.
Rodman Canal Zone, Panama Canal.
Balboa, Panama
Papaete, Tahiti
French sailors from French The Atomic Test Center want to player an American
basketball team.
Please, God, send down those golden rays and make me brown like the
Australians, but don't burn me.
Merry Christmas in Punte Arenas, Chile.
Steverson's first duty assignment out of the Academy was in Antarctic research
logistical support. In July of 1968 he reported aboard the Coast Guard Cutter
(CGC) Glacier [2]
(WAGB-4), an icebreaker operating under the control of the U.S. Navy, and served as a deck watch officer
and head of the Marine Science Department. He traveled to Antarctica during two patrols from
U.S. Coast Guard to
the rescue. Freeing the Argentine icebreaker, SanMartin, from the Antarctic
pack ice.
He traveled to Antarctica during two patrols from July 1968 to
August 1969, supporting the research operations of the National Science Foundation's Antarctic Research Project in and
around McMurdo Station. During the 1969 patrol the CGC
Glacier responded to an international distress call from the Argentine
icebreaker General SanMartin, which was stuck solidly in the multi-year pack
ice. the CGC Glacier was able to loosen the ice around the San Martin and allow
her to break free. A Boarding Party was put aboard the San Martin. The
Commanding Officer showed his appreciation by presenting a bottle of fine
Argentine wine to the Marine Science Officer, Ltjg Steverson.
A foreword From The Captain, Eugene
E. McCrory, USCG.
Chapter 1
We departed Long Beach, California
onboard the USCGC Glacier (WAGB-4) on October 20, 1969. This was the beginning
of Operation Deepfreeze 1969-1970. Departure Day, D Day, was a day of mixed
emotions. We were sorry to leave our families and friends, but we were excited
about the journey ahead. We had been anticipating this day with dread and
excitement. The pier alongside the ship began to fill up early with friends,
family, and well wishers. The old salts, who were the veterans of many past
Deepfreeze Patrols, stayed ashore until the last minute before boarding the
ship. They knew better than the first timers how long a seven month patrol can
last. It feels a lot longer than seven months. It feels like an eternity. As
the hour of departure approached, we witnessed a plethora of emotions. Parents
shed tears for their sons; wives were crying for their husbands; and children
were wailing for their fathers. It was truly a bitter-sweet occasion.
We were scheduled to depart at 1600
hours. At 1530 visitors onboard the ship were asked to go ashore. The wives and
sweethearts of the officers and crew were kissing, hugging and shaking hands.
Crewmembers were lined up along the railing waving goodbye. Finally the Officer
Of The Day (OOD) was satisfied that all officers and crew were onboard and all
visitors were ashore, the deck watch was shifted from the main deck to the
bridge. Orders were given to take in the gang plank, and the mooring lines were
taken in. The Deck Watch Officer ordered one prolonged blast of the ship’s
whistle. This signaled that the GLACIER was free from Pier B, Long Beach Naval
Station and officially enroute “Deepfreeze 69”. Many continued to stand on deck
and man the railing until the last images of the Naval Base and the City of
Long Beach, California faded away on the horizon.
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